<h2><SPAN name="INVERTED_COMMAS" id="INVERTED_COMMAS"></SPAN>INVERTED COMMAS</h2>
<p><b>LIII. When we quote without any change the words of another person,
they are enclosed within inverted commas. If they are quoted in the
indirect form, or if we quote merely the substance, and neglect the
exact words, inverted commas are not used.</b></p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>Thereupon the mob bursts in and inquires, "What are you
doing for the people?"</p>
<p>Thereupon the mob bursts in and inquires what you are doing
for the people.</p>
<p>He says: "There is no property of any description, if it be
rightfully held, which had not its foundation in labour."</p>
<p>He frequently calls them "absurd," and applies to them such
epithets as "jargon," "fustian," and the like.</p>
</div>
<p>The last sentence might be written without inverted commas. By using
them we call special<span class='pagenum'><SPAN name="Page_71" id="Page_71"></SPAN></span> attention to the fact that these were the words
actually employed, and are not simply words like them.</p>
<p>So, in a passage quoted in the indirect form, if part be quoted
exactly, it is placed within inverted commas.</p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>The Duke of Portland warmly approved of the work, but justly
remarked that the king was not "so absolute a thing of
straw" as he was represented in it.</p>
</div>
<p>Words referred to simply as words are either placed within inverted
commas or put in italics.</p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>The word "friendship," in the sense we commonly mean by it,
is not so much as named in the New Testament.</p>
</div>
<p><b>LIV. When a quotation is interrupted, as in the report of a
conversation, each continuous part of the quotation is enclosed within
inverted commas.</b></p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>"Pardon me, madam," answered Henry, "it was of one Silas
Morton I spoke."</p>
</div>
<p><b><SPAN name="LV" id="LV"></SPAN>LV. When a quotation occurs in another quotation, single inverted
commas are used for the former.</b><span class='pagenum'><SPAN name="Page_72" id="Page_72"></SPAN></span></p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>"What have you done?" said one of Balfour's brother
officers. "My duty," said Balfour firmly. "Is it not
written, 'Thou shalt be zealous even to slaying'?"</p>
</div>
<p>Some writers use the single commas in ordinary cases. For the inner
quotation they would then use the double commas.</p>
<p><b>LVI. A word that is not classical English, or is used in a sense in
which it is not classical English, is either enclosed within inverted
commas or italicized.</b></p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>Those that have "located" (<i>located</i>) previous to this
period are left in undisputed possession, provided they have
improved the land.</p>
<p>Before long, Beckey received not only "the best" foreigners
(as the phrase is in our noble and admirable society slang),
but some of "the best" English people too.</p>
</div>
<p>Foreign words are always italicized. (<SPAN href="#LXIV">Rule LXIV.</SPAN>)</p>
<p><b>LVII. The titles of books, of essays, and of other compositions; the
names of periodicals; and the names of ships, are either enclosed
within inverted commas or italicized.</b><span class='pagenum'><SPAN name="Page_73" id="Page_73"></SPAN></span></p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>In these "Miscellanies" was first published the "Art of
Sinking in Poetry," which, by such a train of consequences
as usually passes in literary quarrels, gave in a short
time, according to Pope's account, occasion to the
"Dunciad."</p>
<p>The "Emily St Pierre" (or <i>Emily St Pierre</i>), a British
ship, was captured on the 18th March, 1862.</p>
<p>It appeared in the "London Gazette" (or <i>London Gazette</i>).</p>
</div>
<p>The names of periodicals and of ships are more often written in
italics than enclosed within inverted commas.</p>
<p><b>LVIII. If a quotation contains a question, the point of interrogation
stands within the inverted commas.</b></p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>In a voice which was fascination itself, the being addressed
me, saying, "Wilt thou come with me? Wilt thou be mine?"</p>
</div>
<p><b>LIX. If an interrogative sentence ends with a quotation, the point of
interrogation stands outside the inverted commas.</b></p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>What does this honourable person mean by "a tempest that
outrides the wind"?</p>
</div>
<p>Observe how in the example given under <SPAN href="#LV">Rule LV</SPAN>. the point of
interrogation stands within the<span class='pagenum'><SPAN name="Page_74" id="Page_74"></SPAN></span> double inverted commas, but outside
the single inverted commas.</p>
<p><b>LX. If an interrogative sentence ends with a quotation which is itself
interrogatory, the point of interrogation is placed outside the
inverted commas.</b></p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>Hast thou never cried, "What must I do to be saved"?</p>
</div>
<p>The reason is, that the question to be answered is not the quoted
question, but "hast thou never cried?" No writer has been bold enough
to insert two points of interrogation.</p>
<p><b>LXI. The last three rules apply also to exclamatory sentences.</b></p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>(1) But I boldly cried out, "Woe unto this city!"</p>
<p>(2) Alas, how few of them can say, "I have striven to the
very utmost"!</p>
<p>(3) How fearful was the cry: "Help, or we perish"!</p>
</div>
<p><b>LXII. Where an interrogative sentence ends with a quotation of an
exclamatory nature, or an exclamatory sentence ends with a quotation
of an interrogative nature,<span class='pagenum'><SPAN name="Page_75" id="Page_75"></SPAN></span> it seems better to place at the end both
the point of interrogation and the mark of exclamation, the one
inside, the other outside, the inverted commas.</b></p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>Do you remember who it was that wrote</p>
<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
<span class="i0">"Whatever England's fields display,<br/></span>
<span class="i0">The fairest scenes are thine, Torbay!"?<br/></span></div>
</div>
<p>How much better to cease asking the question, "What would he
have done in different circumstances?"!</p>
</div>
<p>Where inverted commas are not used, it seems sufficient to have only
one point, which must be the one required by the whole sentence, not
by the quotation.</p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>Do you remember the passage where Burke alludes to the old
warning of the Church—<i>Sursum corda</i>?</p>
</div>
<hr style="width: 65%;" />
<p><span class='pagenum'><SPAN name="Page_76" id="Page_76"></SPAN></span></p>
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