<h3><SPAN name="APPENDAGE" id="APPENDAGE"></SPAN>APPENDAGE.</h3>
<h4>Synonyms:</h4>
<table class="tbs" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="">
<tr><td>accessory,</td><td>addition,</td><td>appurtenance,</td><td>concomitant,</td></tr>
<tr><td>accompaniment,</td><td>adjunct,</td><td>attachment,</td><td>extension,</td></tr>
<tr><td>addendum,</td><td>appendix,</td><td>auxiliary,</td><td>supplement.</td></tr>
</table>
<p>An <i>adjunct</i> (something joined to) constitutes no real part of the
thing or system to which it is joined, tho perhaps a valuable
<i>addition</i>; an <i>appendage</i> is commonly a real, tho not an essential
or necessary part of that with which it is connected; an
<i>appurtenance</i> belongs subordinately to something by which it is
employed, especially as an instrument to accomplish some purpose.
A horse's tail is at once an ornamental <i>appendage</i> and a
useful <i>appurtenance</i>; we could not call it an <i>adjunct</i>, tho we
might use that word of his iron shoes. An <i>attachment</i> in machinery
is some mechanism that can be brought into optional connection
with the principal movement; a hemmer is a valuable <i>attachment</i>
of a sewing-machine. An <i>extension</i>, as of a railroad or of
a franchise, carries out further something already existing. We
add an <i>appendix</i> to a book, to contain names, dates, lists, etc.,
which would encumber the text; we add a <i>supplement</i> to supply
omissions, as, for instance, to bring it up to date. An <i>appendix</i>
may be called an <i>addendum</i>; but <i>addendum</i> may be used of a
brief note, which would not be dignified by the name of <i>appendix</i>;
such notes are often grouped as <i>addenda</i>. An <i>addition</i> might
be matter interwoven in the body of the work, an index, plates,
editorial notes, etc., which might be valuable <i>additions</i>, but not<span class="pgn"><SPAN name="Page_54" id="Page_54"></SPAN></span>
within the meaning of <i>appendix</i> or <i>supplement</i>. Compare <span class="smcl"><SPAN href="#ACCESSORY">ACCESSORY</SPAN></span>;
<span class="smcl"><SPAN href="#AUXILIARY">AUXILIARY</SPAN></span>.</p>
<h4>Antonyms:</h4>
<table class="tba" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="">
<tr><td>main body,</td><td>original,</td><td>total,</td><td>whole.</td></tr>
</table>
<h4>Prepositions:</h4>
<p>That which is thought of as added we call an appendage <i>to</i>;
that which is looked upon as an integral part is called an appendage
<i>of</i>.</p>
<hr />
<h3><SPAN name="APPETITE" id="APPETITE"></SPAN>APPETITE.</h3>
<h4>Synonyms:</h4>
<table class="tbs" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="">
<tr><td>appetency,</td><td>impulse,</td><td>lust,</td><td>propensity,</td></tr>
<tr><td>craving,</td><td>inclination,</td><td>passion,</td><td>relish,</td></tr>
<tr><td>desire,</td><td>liking,</td><td>proclivity,</td><td>thirst,</td></tr>
<tr><td>disposition,</td><td>longing,</td><td>proneness,</td><td>zest.</td></tr>
</table>
<p><i>Appetite</i> is used only of the demands of the physical system,
unless otherwise expressly stated, as when we say an <i>appetite</i> for
knowledge; <i>passion</i> includes all excitable impulses of our nature,
as anger, fear, love, hatred, etc. <i>Appetite</i> is thus more animal
than <i>passion</i>; and when we speak of <i>passions</i> and <i>appetites</i> as
conjoined or contrasted, we think of the <i>appetites</i> as wholly physical
and of the <i>passions</i> as, in part at least, mental or spiritual.
We say an <i>appetite</i> for food, a <i>passion</i> for fame. Compare <span class="smcl"><SPAN href="#DESIRE">DESIRE</SPAN></span>.</p>
<h4>Antonyms:</h4>
<table class="tba" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="">
<tr><td>antipathy,</td><td>detestation,</td><td>dislike,</td><td>distaste,</td><td>indifference,</td><td>repugnance,</td></tr>
<tr><td>aversion,</td><td>disgust,</td><td>disrelish,</td><td>hatred,</td><td>loathing,</td><td>repulsion.</td></tr>
</table>
<p>Compare <span class="smcl"><SPAN href="#ANTIPATHY">ANTIPATHY</SPAN></span>.</p>
<h4>Preposition:</h4>
<p>He had an insatiable appetite <i>for</i> the marvellous.</p>
<hr />
<h3><SPAN name="APPORTION" id="APPORTION"></SPAN>APPORTION.</h3>
<h4>Synonyms:</h4>
<table class="tbs" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="">
<tr><td>allot,</td><td>appropriate,</td><td>deal,</td><td>distribute,</td><td>grant,</td></tr>
<tr><td>appoint,</td><td>assign,</td><td>dispense,</td><td>divide,</td><td>share.</td></tr>
</table>
<p>To <i>allot</i> or <i>assign</i> may be to make an arbitrary division; the
same is true of <i>distribute</i> or <i>divide</i>. That which is <i>apportioned</i>
is given by some fixed rule, which is meant to be uniform and
fair; as, representatives are <i>apportioned</i> among the States according
to population. To <i>dispense</i> is to give out freely; as, the sun
<i>dispenses</i> light and heat. A thing is <i>appropriated</i> to or for a specific
purpose (to which it thus becomes <i>proper</i>, in the original
sense of being its own); money <i>appropriated</i> by Congress for one
purpose can not be expended for any other. One may <i>apportion</i>
what he only holds in trust; he <i>shares</i> what is his own. Compare
<span class="smcl"><SPAN href="#ALLOT">ALLOT</SPAN></span>.<span class="pgn"><SPAN name="Page_55" id="Page_55"></SPAN></span></p>
<h4>Antonyms:</h4>
<table class="tba" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="">
<tr><td>cling to,</td><td>consolidate,</td><td>gather together,</td><td>receive,</td></tr>
<tr><td>collect,</td><td>divide arbitrarily,</td><td>keep together,</td><td>retain.</td></tr>
</table>
<h4>Prepositions:</h4>
<p>Apportion <i>to</i> each a fair amount; apportion the property <i>among</i>
the heirs, <i>between</i> two claimants; apportion <i>according to</i> numbers,
etc.</p>
<hr />
<h3>APPROXIMATION.</h3>
<h4>Synonyms:</h4>
<table class="tbs" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="">
<tr><td>approach,</td><td>likeness,</td><td>neighborhood,</td><td>resemblance,</td></tr>
<tr><td>contiguity,</td><td>nearness,</td><td>propinquity,</td><td>similarity.</td></tr>
</table>
<p>In mathematics, <i>approximation</i> is not guesswork, not looseness,
and not error. The process of <i>approximation</i> is as exact and
correct at every point as that by which an absolute result is secured;
the result only fails of exactness because of some inherent
difficulty in the problem. The attempt to "square the circle"
gives only an <i>approximate</i> result, because of the impossibility of
expressing the circumference in terms of the radius. But the
limits of error on either side are known, and the <i>approximation</i>
has practical value. Outside of mathematics, the correct use of
<i>approximation</i> (and the kindred words <i>approximate</i> and <i>approximately</i>)
is to express as near an approach to accuracy and certainty
as the conditions of human thought or action in any given case
make possible. <i>Resemblance</i> and <i>similarity</i> may be but superficial
and apparent; <i>approximation</i> is real. <i>Approach</i> is a relative
term, indicating that one has come nearer than before, tho the
distance may yet be considerable; an <i>approximation</i> brings one
really near. <i>Nearness</i>, <i>neighborhood</i>, and <i>propinquity</i> are commonly
used of place; <i>approximation</i>, of mathematical calculations
and abstract reasoning; we speak of <i>approach</i> to the shore, <i>nearness</i>
to the town, <i>approximation</i> to the truth.</p>
<h4>Antonyms:</h4>
<table class="tba" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="">
<tr><td>difference,</td><td>distance,</td><td>error,</td><td>remoteness,</td><td>unlikeness,</td><td>variation.</td></tr>
</table>
<h4>Prepositions:</h4>
<p>The approximation <i>of</i> the vegetable <i>to</i> the animal type.</p>
<hr />
<h3><SPAN name="ARMS" id="ARMS"></SPAN>ARMS.</h3>
<h4>Synonyms:</h4>
<table class="tbs" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="">
<tr><td>accouterments,</td><td>armor,</td><td>harness,</td><td>mail,</td><td>weapons.</td></tr>
</table>
<p><i>Arms</i> are implements of attack; <i>armor</i> is a defensive covering.
The knight put on his <i>armor</i>; he grasped his <i>arms</i>. With the
disuse of defensive <i>armor</i> the word has practically gone out of
military use, but it is still employed in the navy, where the distinction<span class="pgn"><SPAN name="Page_56" id="Page_56"></SPAN></span>
is clearly preserved; any vessel provided with cannon is
an <i>armed</i> vessel; an <i>armored</i> ship is an ironclad. Anything that
can be wielded in fight may become a <i>weapon</i>, as a pitchfork or a
paving-stone; <i>arms</i> are especially made and designed for conflict.</p>
<hr />
<h3>ARMY.</h3>
<h4>Synonyms:</h4>
<table class="tbs" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="">
<tr><td>armament,</td><td>forces,</td><td>military,</td><td>soldiers,</td></tr>
<tr><td>array,</td><td>host,</td><td>multitude,</td><td>soldiery,</td></tr>
<tr><td>force,</td><td>legions,</td><td>phalanx,</td><td>troops.</td></tr>
</table>
<p>An <i>army</i> is an organized body of men armed for war, ordinarily
considerable in numbers, always independent in organization
so far as not to be a constituent part of any other command. Organization,
unity, and independence, rather than numbers are the
essentials of an <i>army</i>. We speak of the invading <i>army</i> of Cortes or
Pizarro, tho either body was contemptible in numbers from a modern
military standpoint. We may have a little <i>army</i>, a large <i>army</i>,
or a vast <i>army</i>. <i>Host</i> is used for any vast and orderly assemblage;
as, the stars are called the heavenly <i>host</i>. <i>Multitude</i> expresses
number without order or organization; a <i>multitude</i> of
armed men is not an <i>army</i>, but a mob. <i>Legion</i> (from the Latin)
and <i>phalanx</i> (from the Greek) are applied by a kind of poetic
license to modern <i>forces</i>; the plural <i>legions</i> is preferred to the
singular. <i>Military</i> is a general word for land-<i>forces</i>; the <i>military</i>
may include all the armed <i>soldiery</i> of a nation, or the term may
be applied to any small detached company, as at a fort, in distinction
from civilians. Any organized body of men by whom the
law or will of a people is executed is a <i>force</i>; the word is a usual
term for the police of any locality.</p>
<hr />
<h3><SPAN name="ARRAIGN" id="ARRAIGN"></SPAN>ARRAIGN.</h3>
<h4>Synonyms:</h4>
<table class="tbs" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="">
<tr><td>accuse,</td><td>charge,</td><td>impeach,</td><td>prosecute,</td></tr>
<tr><td>censure,</td><td>cite,</td><td>indict,</td><td>summon.</td></tr>
</table>
<p><i>Arraign</i> is an official word; a person accused of crime is
<i>arraigned</i> when he is formally called into court, the indictment
read to him, and the demand made of him to plead guilty or not
guilty; in more extended use, to <i>arraign</i> is to call in question for
fault in any formal, public, or official way. One may <i>charge</i>
another with any fault, great or trifling, privately or publicly,
formally or informally. <i>Accuse</i> is stronger than <i>charge</i>, suggesting
more of the formal and criminal; a person may <i>charge</i> a<span class="pgn"><SPAN name="Page_57" id="Page_57"></SPAN></span>
friend with unkindness or neglect; he may <i>accuse</i> a tramp of
stealing. <i>Censure</i> carries the idea of fault, but not of crime; it
may be private and individual, or public and official. A judge, a
president, or other officer of high rank may be <i>impeached</i> before
the appropriate tribunal for high crimes; the veracity of a witness
may be <i>impeached</i> by damaging evidence. A person of the highest
character may be <i>summoned</i> as defendant in a civil suit; or he
may be <i>cited</i> to answer as administrator, etc. <i>Indict</i> and <i>arraign</i>
apply strictly to criminal proceedings, and only an alleged criminal
is <i>indicted</i> or <i>arraigned</i>. One is <i>indicted</i> by the grand jury,
and <i>arraigned</i> before the appropriate court.</p>
<h4>Antonyms:</h4>
<table class="tba" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="">
<tr><td>acquit,</td><td>discharge,</td><td>exonerate,</td><td>overlook,</td><td>release,</td></tr>
<tr><td>condone,</td><td>excuse,</td><td>forgive,</td><td>pardon,</td><td>set free.</td></tr>
</table>
<h4>Prepositions:</h4>
<p>Arraign <i>at</i> the bar, <i>before</i> the tribunal, <i>of</i> or <i>for</i> a crime; <i>on</i> or
<i>upon</i> an indictment.</p>
<hr />
<h3><SPAN name="ARRAY" id="ARRAY"></SPAN>ARRAY.</h3>
<h4>Synonyms:</h4>
<table class="tbs" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="">
<tr><td>army,</td><td>collection,</td><td>line of battle,</td><td>parade,</td></tr>
<tr><td>arrangement,</td><td>disposition,</td><td>order,</td><td>show,</td></tr>
<tr><td>battle array,</td><td>exhibition,</td><td>order of battle,</td><td>sight.</td></tr>
</table>
<p>The phrase <i>battle array</i> or <i>array of battle</i> is archaic and poetic;
we now say in <i>line</i> or <i>order of battle</i>. The <i>parade</i> is for <i>exhibition</i>
and oversight, and partial rehearsal of military manual and
maneuvers. <i>Array</i> refers to a continuous <i>arrangement</i> of men,
so that all may be seen or reviewed at once. This is practically
impossible with the vast <i>armies</i> of our day. We say rather the
<i>disposition</i> of troops, which expresses their location so as to sustain
and support, though unable to see or readily communicate
with each other. Compare <span class="smcl"><SPAN href="#DRESS">DRESS</SPAN></span>.</p>
<hr />
<h3><SPAN name="ARREST" id="ARREST"></SPAN>ARREST.</h3>
<h4>Synonyms:</h4>
<table class="tbs" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="">
<tr><td>apprehend,</td><td>detain,</td><td>restrain,</td><td>stop,</td></tr>
<tr><td>capture,</td><td>hold,</td><td>secure,</td><td>take into custody,</td></tr>
<tr><td>catch,</td><td>make prisoner,</td><td>seize,</td><td>take prisoner.</td></tr>
</table>
<p>The legal term <i>arrest</i> carries always the implication of a legal
offense; this is true even of <i>arresting</i> for debt. But one may be
<i>detained</i> by process of law when no offense is alleged against him,
as in the case of a witness who is <i>held</i> in a house of detention till
a case comes to trial. One may be <i>restrained</i> of his liberty without
arrest, as in an insane asylum; an individual or corporation<span class="pgn"><SPAN name="Page_58" id="Page_58"></SPAN></span>
may be <i>restrained</i> by injunction from selling certain property.
In case of an arrest, an officer may <i>secure</i> his prisoner by fetters,
by a locked door, or other means effectually to prevent escape.
<i>Capture</i> is commonly used of seizure by armed force; as, to <i>capture</i>
a ship, a fort, etc. Compare <span class="smcl"><SPAN href="#HINDER">HINDER</SPAN></span>; <span class="smcl"><SPAN href="#OBSTRUCT">OBSTRUCT</SPAN></span>.</p>
<h4>Antonyms:</h4>
<table class="tba" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="">
<tr><td>discharge,</td><td>dismiss,</td><td>free,</td><td>liberate,</td><td>release,</td><td>set free.</td></tr>
</table>
<h4>Prepositions:</h4>
<p>Arrested <i>for</i> crime, <i>on</i> suspicion, <i>by</i> the sheriff; <i>on</i>, <i>upon</i>, or
<i>by virtue of</i> a warrant; <i>on</i> final process; <i>in</i> execution.</p>
<hr />
<h3><SPAN name="ARTIFICE" id="ARTIFICE"></SPAN>ARTIFICE.</h3>
<h4>Synonyms:</h4>
<table class="tbs" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="">
<tr><td>art,</td><td>craft,</td><td>finesse,</td><td>invention,</td><td>stratagem,</td></tr>
<tr><td>blind,</td><td>cunning,</td><td>fraud,</td><td>machination,</td><td>subterfuge,</td></tr>
<tr><td>cheat,</td><td>device,</td><td>guile,</td><td>maneuver,</td><td>trick,</td></tr>
<tr><td>contrivance,</td><td>dodge,</td><td>imposture,</td><td>ruse,</td><td>wile.</td></tr>
</table>
<p>A <i>contrivance</i> or <i>device</i> may be either good or bad. A <i>cheat</i>
is a mean advantage in a bargain; a <i>fraud</i>, any form of covert
robbery or injury. <i>Imposture</i> is a deceitful <i>contrivance</i> for securing
charity, credit, or consideration. A <i>stratagem</i> or <i>maneuver</i>
may be of the good against the bad, as it were a skilful movement
of war. A <i>wile</i> is usually but not necessarily evil.</p>
<div class="bq1"><p>E'en children followed with endearing <i>wile</i>.</p>
<p class="tdr"><span class="smc">Goldsmith</span> <i>Deserted Village</i>, l. 184.</p>
</div>
<p class="noin">A <i>trick</i> is often low, injurious, and malicious; we say a mean
<i>trick</i>; the word is sometimes used playfully with less than its full
meaning. A <i>ruse</i> or a <i>blind</i> may be quite innocent and harmless.
An <i>artifice</i> is a carefully and delicately prepared <i>contrivance</i> for
doing indirectly what one could not well do directly. A <i>device</i> is
something studied out for promoting an end, as in a mechanism;
the word is used of indirect action, often, but not necessarily
directed to an evil, selfish, or injurious end. <i>Finesse</i> is especially
subtle <i>contrivance</i>, delicate <i>artifice</i>, whether for good or evil.
Compare <span class="smcl"><SPAN href="#FRAUD">FRAUD</SPAN></span>.</p>
<h4>Antonyms:</h4>
<table class="tba" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="">
<tr><td>artlessness,</td><td>fairness,</td><td>guilelessness,</td><td>ingenuousness,</td><td>openness,</td><td>sincerity,</td></tr>
<tr><td>candor,</td><td>frankness,</td><td>honesty,</td><td>innocence,</td><td>simplicity,</td><td>truth.</td></tr>
</table>
<hr />
<h3>ARTIST.</h3>
<h4>Synonyms:</h4>
<table class="tbs" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="">
<tr><td>artificer,</td><td>artisan,</td><td>mechanic,</td><td>operative,</td><td>workman.</td></tr>
</table>
<p><i>Artist</i>, <i>artificer</i> and <i>artisan</i> are all from the root of <i>art</i>, but <i>artist</i>
holds to the esthetic sense, while <i>artificer</i> and <i>artisan</i> follow the
mechanical or industrial sense of the word (see <span class="smcl">ART</span> under <span class="smcl"><SPAN href="#SCIENCE">SCIENCE</SPAN></span>).<span class="pgn"><SPAN name="Page_59" id="Page_59"></SPAN></span>
<i>Artist</i> thus comes only into accidental association with the other
words of this group, not being a synonym of any one of them and
having practically no synonym of its own. The work of the <i>artist</i>
is creative; that of the <i>artisan</i> mechanical. The man who paints
a beautiful picture is an <i>artist</i>; the man who makes pin-heads
all day is an <i>artisan</i>. The <i>artificer</i> is between the two, putting
more thought, intelligence, and taste into his work than the <i>artisan</i>,
but less of the idealizing, creative power than the <i>artist</i>. The
sculptor, shaping his model in clay, is <i>artificer</i>, as well as <i>artist</i>;
patient <i>artisans</i>, working simply by rule and scale, chisel and polish
the stone. The man who constructs anything by mere routine
and rule is a <i>mechanic</i>. The man whose work involves thought,
skill, and constructive power is an <i>artificer</i>. The hod-carrier is a
<i>laborer</i>; the bricklayer is a <i>mechanic</i>; the master mason is an <i>artificer</i>.
Those who operate machinery nearly self-acting are <i>operatives</i>.</p>
<hr />
<div style="break-after:column;"></div><br />