Elementary Study of Insects

<h2><SPAN name="Chapter_VIII" id="Chapter_VIII"></SPAN><span class="smcap">Chapter VIII</span> <br/><br/> THE TOMATO OR TOBACCO WORM</h2> <p class="cap"><span class="dcap">This</span> insect is often very destructive to tomatoes and tobacco. Most country boys and girls know it and fear its ugly looking horn. When full grown it is four inches long, usually dark green with a number of slanting white lines along either side. It is so near<span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[70]</SPAN></span> the color of the plants that it is difficult to see it.</p> <div class="figcenterc" style="width: 254px;"> <ANTIMG src="images/028.jpg" width-obs="254" height-obs="250" alt="" title="" /> Egg of Tomato worm moth enlarged.</div> <p>During the summer months the worms are common, being most abundant in August. In the fall the mature worms go into the ground and change from the worm to a large, oval, brown pupa with a jug-handle-like appendage on the under side. These are often turned up when the garden is plowed in the spring. After tomato plants are well started the large greyish humming-bird-like moths comes from the ground and begin laying eggs. The moth expands from four to six inches and is often seen at dusk visiting the blossoms of "jimson weed" and other large tube flowers. They are also found around lights at night.</p> <div class="figrightc" style="width: 221px;"> <ANTIMG src="images/029.jpg" width-obs="221" height-obs="100" alt="" title="" /> Young tomato worm.</div> <p><span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[71]</SPAN></span>Where they are troublesome the plants should either be sprayed with a poison when the injury is first noticed or else the worms should be picked off and destroyed. There is a small parasitic wasp which is very helpful in destroying this caterpillar. They live inside the worm and when mature bore out through the skin on the sides and back where they spin small white egg-like cocoons from which later the small wasps emerge. Often a hundred or more may come out of one worm.</p> <h3><span class="smcap"><SPAN name="Study_and_Observation" id="Study_and_Observation"></SPAN>Study and Observation</span></h3> <p>Observe the worms where they are at work on tomatoes. Disturb them and hear them grind their jaws together. Do they eat the foliage rapidly? Dust a little Paris green on the foliage where a worm is eating and see what happens in half an hour. Collect a number of the worms in a glass fruit can and give them tomato leaves to eat and watch them grow. How many<span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[72]</SPAN></span> segments are there to the body? How many of the segments have small black spots on either side? These are holes through which the worm breathes. Is the horn at the end of the body stiff enough to stick into your hand? This is thought to be a sting but it is only an ornament and is entirely harmless. When full grown they will burrow into<span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[73]</SPAN></span> the sand in the jar and change to the pupa.</p> <div class="cpoem" style="width: 650px;"><div class="figleft"> <ANTIMG src="images/030.png" width-obs="300" height-obs="171" alt="" title="" /> Full-fed tomato worm slightly reduced.</div> <div class="figright"> <ANTIMG src="images/031.png" width-obs="300" height-obs="84" alt="" title="" /> Chrysalis or pupa of tomato worm. Note the jug-handle-like sheaths enclosing the proboscis.</div> </div> <p style="clear: both;">Examine the brown pupa carefully and see if it can move. What is the peculiar structure on the under side of the body? The moth which comes from this in the spring is very large. It is covered with white and black scales and hairs which give it a mottled appearance. Examine on the under side of the head for a peculiar structure like a watch spring. This is the sucking tube used in drawing up nectar<span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[74]</SPAN></span> from deep tubular blossoms. When the moths are sipping nectar from "jimson weed" blossoms they can be killed by pouring a little poison down into the blossoms.</p> <div class="figcenterc" style="width: 372px;"> <ANTIMG src="images/032.png" width-obs="372" height-obs="200" alt="" title="" /> Tomato worm moth natural size.</div> <hr style="width: 65%;" /><p><span class="pagenum"><SPAN name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[75]</SPAN></span></p> <div style="break-after:column;"></div><br />