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Chronicles of America Volume 06 - The Fathers of New England

<h2>CHAPTER XI</h2> <h2>THE END OF AN ERA</h2> But the future of the New England colonies was to be decided in England and not in America. If the orthodox leaders in the colony thought that the new King had levelling sympathies or would thrust aside the policy already adopted by the English authorities for the defense of the colonies and the maintenance of the acts of trade, they greatly misjudged the situation. King William, though a Protestant, was no lover of revolution, and, though he had himself engaged in one, he could assert the dignity of the prerogative with as much vigor as any Stuart. He was not a politician, but a soldier, and he was quite as likely to see the necessity of organizing New England for defense against the enemy as he was to listen favorably to appeals from Massachusetts for a restoration of her charter. Increase Mather had gone to England in 1688 [Pg 195]to petition James II for relief from the burdens of the Andros rule. His impressive personality, his power as a ready and forcible speaker, his resourcefulness and energy, and his acquaintance with influential men in England, both Anglicans and Dissenters, made him the most effective agent who had ever gone to England in the interest of the colony. He was able to bring the grievances of Massachusetts to the personal attention of James II; and he had received hope of a confirmation of land titles and permission to call a general assembly, when the flight of the King brought his efforts to naught. He then turned to the new Parliament, hoping to save the colony by means of a rider to the bill for restoring corporations to their ancient rights and privileges; but the dissolution of this body ended hopeful efforts in that direction also. A year's "Sisyphean labor" came to nothing. No remedy remained except an appeal to the new King, and during 1690 and 1691, the reconstruction of Massachusetts became one of the most important questions brought before the Lords of Trade. William III and his advisers were agreed on one point: that Massachusetts should never again be independent as she formerly had been, but should be brought within the [Pg 196]immediate control of the Crown, through a governor of the King's appointment. They took the ground that, with a French war already begun, it was no time to discuss colonial rights and privileges, for the demands of the empire took precedence over all questions of a merely local character in America. Andros was now recalled and instructions were sent to Massachusetts to release all her prisoners. With their arrival in England in February, 1690, the debate before the committee went on in a new and livelier fashion. Randolph renewed his complaints in every form known to his inventive mind; Andros presented his defense and was relieved of all charges of mal-administration; Mather and others contested every move of their opponents and sought to obtain as favorable terms as possible for Massachusetts; while Oakes and Cooke, sent over by the colony as its official agents and representing the uncompromising Puritan wing, hindered rather than helped the cause by insisting that no concessions should be made and that Massachusetts should receive a confirmation of all her former privileges. Mather's success was noteworthy. He could not prevent the appointment of a royal governor or the separation of [Pg 197]New Hampshire from Massachusetts, nor could he obtain the right of coinage for the colony; but he did secure the permanent annexation of Maine and the Plymouth colony, and a large measure of appointive power and legislative control for the people. In some ways most significant of all, he obtained from the Crown the noteworthy concession that the council of the colony should be chosen by the general assembly and not be appointed from England, as was the case with all the other royal colonies. Even New Hampshire eventually had the same governor as Massachusetts, thus preserving a union for all central and northern New England, which was destined to last for forty-four years. The charter of 1691 was a compromise between the old government which had existed in Massachusetts since 1630 and that of a regular royal colony, and as such it satisfied neither party. It was greeted in Massachusetts with vehement disapproval by the old faction, who charged Mather with flagrantly deserting his trust; and in England it was viewed as a shameful concession to the whims of the Puritans. This yoking together of parts of two systems, corporate and royal, was to give rise in Massachusetts in the [Pg 198]succeeding century to a struggle for control that deeply affected the course of the colony's later history. <hr style='width: 45%;' /> In all the New England colonies, the fall of Andros and the close of the century marked the end of an era in which the dominant impulse was the religious purpose that actuated the original colonists in coming to America. The desire for a political isolation that would preserve the established religious system intact was exceedingly strong in the seventeenth century, but it ceased to be as strong in the century that followed. The fathers gave way to the children; the settlements grew rapidly in size, increased their output of staple products beyond what they needed for themselves, and became vastly interested in trade and commerce with all parts of the Atlantic world. Towns grew into larger towns and cities; and Portsmouth, Newbury, Salem, Marblehead, Boston, Newport, New London, Hartford, Wethersfield, Middletown, New Haven, Fairfield, and Stamford became, in varying degrees, centers of an increasing population and of new business interests that brought New England into closer contact with the other colonies, with the West Indies, and with the Old [Pg 199]World. England became involved in the long struggle with France and not only called on the colonies to aid her in military campaigns against the French in America, but endeavored to bring them within the scope of her colonial empire. All these influences tended to expand the life of New England and to force its people more and more out of their isolation. Yet, despite this fact, the Puritan colonies—Connecticut and Rhode Island especially—continued to lie in large part outside the pale of British control and example, and their inhabitants continued to accept religion and the Puritan standards of morals as the guide of their daily lives. [Pg 200] [Pg 201] <hr /> <h2>BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE</h2> The standard authority on the subjects treated in the volume is J. G. Palfrey, History of New England, 5 vols. (1858-1864, 1875-1890), a work of broad scholarship and written in a not uninteresting style, but indiscriminating in its defense of Massachusetts and without any understanding of the purpose and attitude of the English authorities. In somewhat the same class are G. E. Ellis, The Puritan Age (1888), a dry book but less given to special pleading, and Justin Winsor, The Memorial History of Boston, 4 vols. (1880-1882), a series of essays with elaborate notes and bibliographies, presenting in a fragmentary way the conventional view of the period. Less frankly favorable to New England is J. A. Doyle, English Colonies in America: The Puritan Colonies, 2 vols. (1887), a work of value, but diffuse in style and often confused in treatment, and, though written by an Englishman, displaying little interest in the English side of the story. The chapters in Edward Channing, History of the United States, vol. i (1905), that relate to the subject, are scholarly and always interesting; while those in H. L. Osgood, The American Colonies in the Seventeenth Century, 3 vols. (1904-1907), contain the ablest accounts we have of the institutional characteristics of the period. [Pg 202]There are few good histories of the individual colonies. Those deserving of mention are: Thomas Hutchinson, History of Massachusetts Bay, 2 vols. (1764-1767); S. G. Arnold, History of the State of Rhode Island, 2 vols. (4th ed. 1894); Irving B. Richman, Rhode Island (1904, American Commonwealth Series); B. Trumbull, Complete History of Connecticut, 2 vols. (new ed. 1898); A. Johnson, Connecticut (2d ed. 1903, American Commonwealth Series); E. Atwater, History of the Colony of New Haven (1881); W. H. Fry, New Hampshire as a Royal Province (1908); W. D. Williamson, History of the State of Maine (1832); H. S. Burrage, The Beginnings of Colonial Maine (1914). Hutchinson and Trumbull are classics; Arnold is one of the best of the state histories; Richman and Johnson are short and readable; Fry deals with the institutional life of the colony; Williamson is old-fashioned and poor; but Burrage is authoritative. Special works are: H. M. Dexter, The England and Holland of the Pilgrims (1905), a very valuable and learned account; C. F. Adams, Three Episodes of Massachusetts History, 2 vols. (1892), treating of the antecedents of Boston, the Antinomian Controversy, and church and town government, the first essay especially being indispensable; R. M. Jones, The Quakers in the American Colonies (1911), the fairest account of the Quakers in New England. W. De L. Love, The Colonial History of Hartford (1914); W. E. Weeden, Early Rhode Island (1910); and G. S. Kimball, Providence in Colonial Times (1912), are in every way excellent, that of Love being a minutely critical analysis of the Connecticut settlement. W. E. Weeden, Social and Economic History of New England, 2 vols. (1891), is a [Pg 203]valuable collection of information. Certain chapters in Edward Eggleston's Transit of Civilization (1901) treat of the mental outfit of the colonists; and M. W. Jernegan in the School Review, June, 1915, deals with the beginnings of public education in New England; G. L. Beer, Origins of the British Colonial System, 1660-1688, 2 vols. (1912), and C. M. Andrews, British Committees, Commissions, and Councils of Trade and Plantations, 1622-1675 (1908), concern British policy and administration in the seventeenth century. Biographies varying greatly in value and manner of treatment follow: R. C. Winthrop, Life and Letters of John Winthrop, 2 vols. (2d ed. 1869); G. L. Walker, Thomas Hooker (1891, Makers of America Series); J. H. Twichell, John Winthrop (1891, id.); A. Steele, Elder Brewster (1857); L. G. Jones, Samuel Gorton (1896); A. Gorton, The Life and Times of Samuel Gorton (1907); O. S. Straus, Roger Williams (1894); M. E. Hall, Roger Williams (1917); T. W. Bicknell, Story of Dr. John Clarke (1915); J. M. Taylor, Roger Ludlow (1900); J. K. Hosmer, Young Sir Harry Vane (1888); A Memoir of Sir John Leverett, Knt. (1856); and in American Biography, 10 vols., are lives of John Mason by G. E. Ellis, Roger Williams by William Gammell, Samuel Gorton by John M. Mackie, and Anne Hutchinson by G. E. Ellis, though none of them is particularly satisfactory. The original sources for the period are: the Acts of the Privy Council, Colonial, vols. i, ii (1908-1910); The Calendar of State Papers, Colonial, vols. i-viii, 1574-1692 (1860-1901); and the colonial records of Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire. Collections of narratives [Pg 204]and letters may be found in the publications of the Prince Society [C. H. Bell, John Wheelwright and his Writings (1876); C. F. Adams, Morton's New England Canaan (1883); C. W. Tuttle, Capt. John Mason (1887); J. P. Baxter, Sir Ferdinando Gorges, 3 vols. (1890); C. F. Adams, Antinomianism in the Colony of Massachusetts Bay (1894); R. N. Toppan, Edward Randolph, 7 vols. (1898-1909, last two volumes edited by A. T. S. Goodrick)]; and in the Original Narratives of Early American History [W. T. Davis, Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation (1908); J. K. Hosmer, Winthrop's Journal, 2 vols. (1908); J. F. Jameson, Johnson's Wonder-Working Providence of Sion's Saviour in New England (1911); C. H. Lincoln, Narratives of the Indian Wars (1913); G. L. Burr, Narratives of the Witchcraft Cases (1914); C. M. Andrews, Narratives of the Insurrections (1915)]. A sumptuous edition of Bradford's history has been edited for the Massachusetts Historical Society, by W. C. Ford, 2 vols. (1915). S. Sewall's Diary, 3 vols. (Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll., 5th series, 1878-1882) and Cotton Mather's Magnalia, 2 vols. (1853) are important. W. Walker, The Creeds and Platforms of Congregationalism (1893) is of great value. C. W. Sawyer, Firearms in American History (1910), has an excellent chapter on firearms in colonial times. The articles on Boston, New England, Massachusetts, Plymouth, Friends (Society of), etc., in The Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th Edition, should be referred to for additional bibliographies. [Pg 205] <hr /> <h2>INDEX</h2> <ul><li>Agawam (Springfield), 61, 62</li> <li>Allerton, Isaac, 17</li> <li>Ambrose, The, ship, 29</li> <li>Amsterdam, Separatists gather at, 7</li> <li>"Ancient and Honorable Artillery," 135</li> <li>Andros, Sir Edmund, takes part in case against Massachusetts, 156; <ul class="nest"> <li>Governor of Massachusetts, 174 et seq.;</li> <li>strengthens fortifications, 179-80;</li> <li>New York and New Jersey added to his domain, 183-84;</li> <li>attention confined to Massachusetts, 184-85;</li> <li>recalled, 196</li> </ul> </li> <li>Anne, The, ship, 13</li> <li>Aquidneck, Island of, 48, 55</li> <li>Arabella, The, ship, 29</li> <li>Aspinwall, 48</li> <li>Augsburg, settlement of (1555), 4</li> <li>Aulnay-Charnisé, Charles de Menou, Sieur d', 95-96 </li> <li>Bartlett, Robert, 84</li> <li>Bay Colony, see Massachusetts Bay Colony</li> <li>Blackstone, William, 23, 24</li> <li>Blessing of the Bay, The, ship, 78</li> <li>Boston, Puritans from England settle at, 29; <ul class="nest"> <li>half the colonists live in or near, 35;</li> <li>treatment of Quakers in, 79-80;</li> <li>importance of, 164;</li> <li>grows into a city, 198;</li> <li>see also Shawmut</li> </ul> </li> <li>Boswell. Sir William, quoted, 97</li> <li>Bradford, William, in Scrooby, 7; <ul class="nest"> <li>quoted, 15-16;</li> <li>Governor of Plymouth, 17;</li> <li>History of Plimouth Plantation, 19;</li> <li>dead before 1660, 78</li> </ul> </li> <li>Bradstreet, Governor of Massachusetts, 191</li> <li>Bradstreet, Simon, 103</li> <li>Branford, (Conn.), 70</li> <li>Brenton, Governor, quoted, 114</li> <li>Brewster, William, father of William, elder of Plymouth, 6</li> <li>Brewster, William, Elder of Plymouth, 6, 8</li> <li>Browne, John, 41</li> <li>Browne, Samuel, 41</li> <li>Bulkeley, Peter, 156 </li> <li>Cambridge platform (1648), 79</li> <li>Canonchet, Indian chief, 142, 143, 144</li> <li>Carr, Sir Robert, 119, 122</li> <li>Cartwright, George, Colonel, 119, 122</li> <li>Carver, John, Governor of Plymouth, 13</li> <li>Charity, The, ship, 13</li> <li>Charlestown (Mass.), 29, 35</li> <li>Charter Oak, 181</li> <li>Child, Dr. Robert, 38, 116</li> <li>Church, Benjamin, Captain, 142</li> <li>Clarendon, Lord, Prime Minister of England, 113, 116, 117, 120-21, 126</li> <li>Clark, John, of Newbury, 83</li> <li>Clarke, Dr. John, 47, 48, 103, 106, 112, 113</li> <li>Clayton, Richard, 6</li> <li>Coddington, William, 43, 47, 48, 49, 54-55[Pg 206]</li> <li>Coggeshall, one of founders of Portsmouth, 48</li> <li>Connecticut, leaders who influenced, 47; <ul class="nest"> <li>settled by Massachusetts people, 56;</li> <li>four claimants for, 57;</li> <li>migration from Massachusetts, 57-61;</li> <li>commission government, 60-61;</li> <li>government, 62-64;</li> <li>witchcraft in, 81;</li> <li>sends petition to England, 103-04;</li> <li>charter granted (1662), 108;</li> <li>extends authority of colony, 108-10;</li> <li>claims Long Island, 130;</li> <li>title under charter recognized by Massachusetts, 131;</li> <li>debates joining New York, 173;</li> <li>Andros endeavors to bring under control, 180;</li> <li>consents to join Massachusetts, 180-82;</li> <li>renews old forms, 192</li> </ul> </li> <li>Cooke, a leader of conservatives in Boston, 164</li> <li>Cotton, John, 78</li> <li>Council for Foreign Plantations, Committee of the, 34 </li> <li>Danforth, a leader of conservatives in Boston, 164</li> <li>Davenport, John, of New Haven, 47, 67, 68, 78, 111, 112</li> <li>Deerfield (Mass.), massacre of, 141</li> <li>Delfthaven, Pilgrims embark at, 10</li> <li>Denonville, Marquis de, Governor of Canada, 178</li> <li>Denton, Richard, 70</li> <li>Desborough, 78</li> <li>Dongan, Colonel, Governor of New York, 178, 180, 183</li> <li>Dorchester (Mass.), 35</li> <li>Dover (N. H.), 65, 66</li> <li>Downing, Emanuel, 35</li> <li>Dudley, Joseph, 168, 169-70, 173-74</li> <li>Dudley, Thomas, 28</li> <li>Dyer, Mary, 80 </li> <li>Eaton, Samuel, 67</li> <li>Eaton, Theophilus, 47, 67, 68, 69</li> <li>Education in New England, 83-85</li> <li>Eliot, John, 94</li> <li>Endecott, John, in congregation of Rev. John White, 24; <ul class="nest"> <li>sent as governor to Salem, 25;</li> <li>disregards claims of Gorges, 26;</li> <li>defaces royal ensign at Salem, 32;</li> <li>banishes colonists for religious differences, 41;</li> <li>signs petition to England, 104</li> </ul> </li> <li>England, in early seventeenth century, 2 et seq.; <ul class="nest"> <li>awakes to importance of colonies, 101-102;</li> <li>new colonial policy, 102-103;</li> <li>affairs in seventeenth century, 126-27;</li> <li>attitude toward Massachusetts, 150;</li> <li>finances under Charles II., 151-152;</li> <li>future of New England decided in, 194</li> </ul> </li> <li>Exeter (N. H.), 65, 66 </li> <li>Fairfield (Conn.), 198</li> <li>Feudal system in England, 2, 3</li> <li>Fortune, The, ship, 13</li> <li>Fuller, Dr. Samuel, 37, 83</li> <li>Fundamental orders, 62-64 </li> <li>Gardiner, Sir Christopher, 31, 41</li> <li>George, Captain of the Rose, 190</li> <li>Gilds, 3-4</li> <li>Goodyear, Stephen, 77</li> <li>Gorges, Sir Ferdinando, 22-23, 25, 26, 29-30, 30-34, 65</li> <li>Gorges, Robert, 23, 25</li> <li>Gorges, Thomas, 35</li> <li>Gorton, Samuel, 49-51</li> <li>Graham, Attorney-General of Massachusetts, 187, 191</li> <li>"Great Fundamentals, The," 18</li> <li>Greenwich (Conn.), 109, 133</li> <li>Guilford (Conn.), 70, 109 </li> <li>Half-Way Covenant, 79, 93-94[Pg 207]</li> <li>Hampton (N. H.), 66</li> <li>Handmaid, The, ship, 13</li> <li>Hartford (Conn.), 61, 198</li> <li>Harvard College, 84, 93</li> <li>Hawkins, Jane, 83</li> <li>Haynes, John, 35, 47, 58, 78</li> <li>Higginson, Francis, 37</li> <li>Hilton, Edward, 65</li> <li>Holmes, O. W., quoted, 83</li> <li>Holmes, William, 56</li> <li>Hooke, 78</li> <li>Hooker, Thomas, 47, 58, 60, 61, 62, 78</li> <li>Hopkins, Edward, Governor, 84</li> <li>House of Good Hope, 56</li> <li>Humphrey, John, 28</li> <li>Hutchinson, Anne, 41-42, 48, 98 </li> <li>Indians, trouble with, 133 et seq.; <ul class="nest"> <li>dealings with, 138-39;</li> <li>number in New England, 139</li> </ul> </li> <li>Jewel, The, ship, 29</li> <li>Johnson, Lady Arabella, 35</li> <li>Johnson, Isaac, 28</li> <li>Jones, Christopher, captain of the Mayflower, 11-12 </li> <li>King Philip's War (1675-76), 136, 138, 139, 140-46</li> <li>Kingfisher, The, ship, 174</li> <li>Kirke, Percy, Colonel, 166-67 </li> <li>Lathrop, John, 67</li> <li>La Tour, Charles de, 95-96</li> <li>Laud, Archbishop, 32</li> <li>Laud Commission, 34</li> <li>Leete, Governor, 111</li> <li>Leyden, Separatists move to, 7</li> <li>London, as a center of Separatism, 6</li> <li>Long Island, uncertainty as to jurisdiction, 129-30</li> <li>Ludlow, Roger, 47, 58, 78, 98</li> <li>Lynn, Henry, 41 </li> <li>Maine, settled, 65; <ul class="nest"> <li>under jurisdiction of Massachusetts, 66-67;</li> <li>status undecided, 132;</li> <li>military preparedness, 135;</li> <li>permanently annexed to Massachusetts, 197</li> </ul> </li> <li>Marblehead (Mass.), 198</li> <li>Mason, John, Captain, 30-31, 34, 65, 136</li> <li>Massachusetts Bay Colony, 21 et seq.; <ul class="nest"> <li>begins as fishing venture, 24;</li> <li>obtains patent for land, 25;</li> <li>founded, 29;</li> <li>Gorges attempts overthrow of, 30-34;</li> <li>growth (1630-40), 34-36;</li> <li>time of stress, 36;</li> <li>government, 37-40;</li> <li>religious intolerance, 41-43;</li> <li>commercial ventures, 78;</li> <li>leader among colonies, 100-01;</li> <li>sends petition to King, 103;</li> <li>restoration of Stuarts causes trouble for, 104-05;</li> <li>charter confirmed, 105;</li> <li>religious liberty defined by King, 105-06;</li> <li>inquiry into affairs by Clarendon, 116-18;</li> <li>commissioners sent to, 118 et seq.;</li> <li>franchise law modified, 121;</li> <li>defies commission, 123-126;</li> <li>recognizes Connecticut's title (1672), 131;</li> <li>asserts right to control Maine and New Hampshire, 132;</li> <li>military preparedness, 135;</li> <li>Randolph inquires into affairs, 147;</li> <li>new instructions to royal governors, 148-49;</li> <li>attitude of England toward, 148-52;</li> <li>inquiry by Randolph, 154-56;</li> <li>mission sent to England, 156-57;</li> <li>purchases title to Maine and estranges England further, 158-59;</li> <li>royal orders in regard to trade and religious liberty, 159-60;</li> <li>attitude toward England, 160-61;</li> <li>sends agents to England, 162;</li> <li>charter forfeited (1684), 163;</li> <li>grows more liberal, 164;</li> <li>territory enlarged, 166; a royal colony, 166 et seq.;</li> <li>preliminary royal government, 168-69;[Pg 208]</li> <li>changes in life of people, 170-73;</li> <li>faults in royal government, 185-89;</li> <li>government of Andros overthrown, 190;</li> <li>resumes self-government, 191;</li> <li>sends Mather to England, 194-96;</li> <li>charter of 1691, 197</li> </ul> </li> <li>Massachusetts Bay Company, charter granted (1629), 26; <ul class="nest"> <li>control passes to Puritans, 27</li> </ul> </li> <li>Massachusetts Commission, personnel, 118-19; <ul class="nest"> <li>object, 120-121;</li> <li>failure, 123-26</li> </ul> </li> <li>Mather, Cotton, quoted, 79</li> <li>Mather, Increase, 194-95, 196</li> <li>Maverick, Samuel, 23, 38, 116 et seq.</li> <li>Mayflower, The, ship, 10, 11</li> <li>Mayflower Compact, 12-13</li> <li>Merrymount, 22</li> <li>Middletown (Conn.), 198</li> <li>Milford (Conn.), 70</li> <li>Mishawum (Charlestown), 24</li> <li>Moody, Lady Deborah, 35</li> <li>Morrell, 23</li> <li>Morton, Thomas, 22, 31, 34, 41, 47</li> <li>Mount Wollaston, 22</li> <li>Mystic, taken into Connecticut, 109 </li> <li>Naumkeag (Salem), 25</li> <li>New Amsterdam, seized by English, 110</li> <li>New England, people of, 72-73; <ul class="nest"> <li>settled by radicals, 73-74;</li> <li>lack of toleration in, 74;</li> <li>town life, 75-76;</li> <li>local color in various settlements, 76-78;</li> <li>witchcraft, 80-81;</li> <li>superstitions of people, 81-82;</li> <li>medicine and surgery, 82-83;</li> <li>education, 83-85;</li> <li>travel, 85-86;</li> <li>homes, 86;</li> <li>money, 86-87;</li> <li>reckoning of time, 87;</li> <li>respect for grants and charters, 88;</li> <li>attitude toward England, 88-90;</li> <li>organization in, 89;</li> <li>rivalry with Dutch and French, 90-91;</li> <li>confederation of colonies, 91 et seq.;</li> <li>trouble with the French, 94-96;</li> <li>trouble with the Dutch, 96-98;</li> <li>period of readjustment, 129 et seq.;</li> <li>Indian troubles, 133 et seq.;</li> <li>boundary disputes, 133;</li> <li>population, 139;</li> <li>menace from French, 177-79;</li> <li>Dominion of, 182-83;</li> <li>brought closer to English control, 199</li> </ul> </li> <li>New England Canaan, Morton, 32</li> <li>New England Confederation see United Colonies of New England</li> <li>New England Council, 9, 12, 22, 26, 30, 32-33</li> <li>New Hampshire, influential leaders in, 47; <ul class="nest"> <li>controversy over title, 65;</li> <li>under jurisdiction of Massachusetts, 66-67;</li> <li>separation from Massachusetts, 67, 71;</li> <li>status undecided, 132;</li> <li>military preparedness, 135</li> </ul> </li> <li>New Haven, influential leaders in, 47; <ul class="nest"> <li>settled, 67-68;</li> <li>government, 68-70;</li> <li>combines other plantations under her, 70-71;</li> <li>absorbed by Conn., 71;</li> <li>commercial ventures, 77-78;</li> <li>witchcraft in, 81;</li> <li>misfortunes of, 110-11;</li> <li>surrenders to Connecticut, 111-12;</li> <li>confederation dissolved, 112</li> </ul> </li> <li>New London (Conn.), 198</li> <li>New Netherlands, conquest of, 122</li> <li>New Somersetshire, 65</li> <li>Newark, founded, 112</li> <li>Newbury, 198</li> <li>Newport (R. I.), 49, 198</li> <li>Nicholson, Francis, 183</li> <li>Nicolls, Richard, 118, 119, 122</li> <li>Norfolk, a center of Separatism, 6</li> <li>Norton, John, 103</li> <li>Nowell, a leader of conservatives in Boston, 164[Pg 209] </li> <li>Oldham, John, 56 </li> <li>Palmer, Judge, 187, 191</li> <li>Partridge, Captain, 54, 55</li> <li>Pawcatuck, taken into Connecticut, 109</li> <li>Pequot War (1637), 136-37</li> <li>Peters, Hugh, 59, 78</li> <li>Pierson, Abraham, 46, 47, 112</li> <li>Pilgrims, leave for Holland (1607-08), 7; <ul class="nest"> <li>reasons for leaving Holland, 8;</li> <li>decide to go to America, 8-9;</li> <li>conditions under which expedition was undertaken, 10;</li> <li>journey of the Mayflower, 10-12;</li> <li>draw up covenant, 12;</li> <li>life in Plymouth Colony, 14-19;</li> <li>greatness lies in religious influence, 19-20</li> </ul> </li> <li>Plymouth Colony, founded, 12-20; <ul class="nest"> <li>secures right to establish fishing colony, 24;</li> <li>submits to authority of Massachusetts, 71;</li> <li>fishing and trading, 77;</li> <li>witchcraft in, 81;</li> <li>sends mission to England, 104;</li> <li>military preparedness, 135;</li> <li>renews old forms, 192;</li> <li>permanently annexed to Massachusetts, 197</li> </ul> </li> <li>Plymouth, town of, 18</li> <li>Pocasset (Portsmouth), 48</li> <li>Portsmouth (N. H.), 66, 198</li> <li>Portsmouth (R. I.), 51-52; see also Pocasset</li> <li>Protestantism, controlled by state, 4</li> <li>Providence, settled, 47-48; <ul class="nest"> <li>court of arbitration at, 51;</li> <li>charter unites with other settlements, 53;</li> <li>government under patent, 53-54</li> </ul> </li> <li>Puritans, obtain control of Massachusetts Bay Company, 27; <ul class="nest"> <li>reach Salem (1630), 29;</li> <li>become Separatists, 37;</li> <li>characteristics of the frontier, 46-47</li> </ul> </li> <li>Pynchon, William, 60, 62, 77 </li> <li>Quakers, come to Boston (1656), 79; <ul class="nest"> <li>treatment, 79-80</li> </ul> </li> <li>Quinnipiac, 68 </li> <li>Randolph, Edward, 147, 152-156, 160, 161, 162, 163, 167, 168, 173, 174, 196</li> <li>Ratcliffe, Philip, 31, 41</li> <li>Ratcliffe, Robert, 168-69, 171, 173</li> <li>Reformation, The, 3</li> <li>Rhode Island, leaders in, 47; <ul class="nest"> <li>individualism in, 56;</li> <li>colony of separatism, 79;</li> <li>not included in Confederation of colonies, 92;</li> <li>applies for charter, 103;</li> <li>conflicting boundary claims, 113;</li> <li>charter granted, (1663), 113-14;</li> <li>rival claims to, 115;</li> <li>unsettled conditions, 131;</li> <li>surrenders charter, 173;</li> <li>sends council members to Boston, 180;</li> <li>renews old forms, 192</li> </ul> </li> <li>Rhode Island settlements, Providence, 47-48; <ul class="nest"> <li>Pocasset, 48-49;</li> <li>Newport, 49;</li> <li>Shawomet or Warwick, 49</li> </ul> </li> <li>Robinson, John, 6-7, 8</li> <li>Rossiter, Bray, of Guilford, 83, 111</li> <li>Rowlandson, Mrs., 143</li> <li>Roxbury (Mass.), 35 </li> <li>Salem (Mass.), 25, 198; <ul class="nest"> <li>see also Naumkeag</li> </ul> </li> <li>Salem witchcraft, 81</li> <li>Saltonstall, Sir Richard, 28, 35</li> <li>Saybrook, 33, 40</li> <li>Saye and Sele, Lord, 33, 106-07</li> <li>Scott, John, Captain, 109, 130</li> <li>Scrooby, Nottinghamshire, a center of Separatism, 6</li> <li>Separatists, 5 et seq.</li> <li>Setauket, 130</li> <li>Shawmut (Boston), 23[Pg 210]</li> <li>Shawomet, 49</li> <li>Sheffield, Lord, 24</li> <li>Slavery forbidden in Rhode Island (1652), 54</li> <li>Smith, John, 3, 11</li> <li>Southold on Long Island, 70, 109</li> <li>Speedwell, The, ship, 10</li> <li>Springfield (Mass), becomes part of Mass., 62; <ul class="nest"> <li>center of fur trade, 77;</li> <li>see also Agawam</li> </ul> </li> <li>Stamford (Conn.), 70, 109, 133, 198</li> <li>Standish, Miles, 3</li> <li>Stiles party, 57</li> <li>Stone, Samuel, 60</li> <li>Stoughton, William, 156</li> <li>Stuyvesant, Peter, 97, 109 </li> <li>Talbot, The, ship, 29 </li> <li>Uncas, Indian chief, 137</li> <li>Underhill, 47</li> <li>United Colonies of New England, 91 </li> <li>Vane, Henry, 33, 35, 40, 59</li> <li>Vassall, William, 38</li> <li>Virginia Company of London, 9</li> <li>Virginia Company of Plymouth, 9 </li> <li>Walford, 24, 41</li> <li>Warwick, Earl of, 25, 26, 28, 30, 32</li> <li>Warwick, a Rhode Island settlement, 49</li> <li>Watertown (Mass.), 35</li> <li>Wessagusset (Quincy), 21, 22, 23</li> <li>West, Secretary of Mass., 187, 191</li> <li>Weston, Thomas, 10, 21</li> <li>Wethersfield (Conn.), 61, 198</li> <li>Weymouth (Mass.), 23</li> <li>Wheelwright, John, 47, 65</li> <li>White, Rev. John, 24, 27</li> <li>Whitfield, 78</li> <li>Whiting, 78</li> <li>Williams, Roger, driven from Boston, 47; <ul class="nest"> <li>locates at Providence, 47-48;</li> <li>obtains charter, 52-53;</li> <li>quoted, 54;</li> <li>goes to England to confirm patent, 55;</li> <li>in 1660, 78</li> </ul> </li> <li>Windsor (Conn.), 61</li> <li>Winnissimmet (Chelsea), 23-24</li> <li>Winslow, Edward, 17, 38, 50, 52</li> <li>Winslow, John, 190</li> <li>Winslow, Josiah, General, 142</li> <li>Winthrop, John, elected Governor of Mass. Bay Colony, 28; <ul class="nest"> <li>leader among the Puritans, 35;</li> <li>died before 1660, 78</li> </ul> </li> <li>Winthrop, John, son of the Governor, 40, 59, 83, 103-04, 106-07</li> <li>Wise, John, 186</li> <li>Witchcraft in New England, 80-81</li> <li>Wollaston, Captain, 22</li> <li>Wright, Richard, 41 </li> <li>Young, Alse, 81</li> <li>Young, Captain, 130</li> </ul> <div class="tr"> Transcriber's Note Inconsistent hyphenation and spelling in the original document have been preserved. Typographical errors corrected in the text: Page    16  potle changed to pottle Page    57  irreconciliable changed to irreconcilable Page    67  Hamsphire changed to Hampshire Page  205  Arbella changed to Arabella Page  205  Brenten changed to Brenton Page  209  characteristcs changed to characteristics </div> <div style="break-after:column;"></div>

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