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Negro Explorer at the North Pole

[i] [ii] <h1>A NEGRO EXPLORER AT THE NORTH POLE</h1> [iii] <div class="figcenter"> <ANTIMG src="images/frontis.jpg" width-obs="240" height-obs="400" alt="MATTHEW A. HENSON" title="MATTHEW A. HENSON" /> MATTHEW A. HENSON</div> <hr style="width: 65%;" /> <h2>A</h2> <h1>NEGRO EXPLORER</h1> <h2>AT THE</h2> <h1>NORTH POLE</h1> <h3>BY</h3> <h2>MATTHEW A. HENSON</h2> <div class='center'> WITH A FOREWORD BY <big>ROBERT E. PEARY</big> REAR ADMIRAL, U. S. N., RETIRED AND AN INTRODUCTION BY <big>BOOKER T. WASHINGTON</big> WITH ILLUSTRATIONS FROM PHOTOGRAPHS NEW YORK FREDERICK A. STOKES COMPANY PUBLISHERS</div> [iv] <div class='center'> Copyright, 1912, by Frederick A. Stokes Company <hr style="width: 15%;" /> All rights reserved, including that of translation into foreign languages, including the Scandinavian </div> <div class="figleft"> <ANTIMG src="images/emblem.png" width-obs="200" height-obs="52" alt="February, 1912" title="February, 1912" /></div> [v] <hr style="width: 65%;" /> <h2>FOREWORD</h2> Friends of Arctic exploration and discovery, with whom I have come in contact, and many whom I know only by letter, have been greatly interested in the fact of a colored man being an effective member of a serious Arctic expedition, and going north, not once, but numerous times during a period of over twenty years, in a way that showed that he not only could and did endure all the stress of Arctic conditions and work, but that he evidently found pleasure in the work. The example and experience of Matthew Henson, who has been a member of each and of all my Arctic expeditions, since '91 (my trip in 1886 was taken before I knew Henson) is only another one of the multiplying illustrations of the fact that race, or color, or bringing-up, or environment, count nothing against a determined heart, if it is backed and aided by intelligence. Henson proved his fitness by long and[vi] thorough apprenticeship, and his participation in the final victory which planted the Stars and Stripes at the North Pole, and won for this country the international prize of nearly four centuries, is a distinct credit and feather in the cap of his race. As I wired Charles W. Anderson, collector of internal revenue, and chairman of the dinner which was given to Henson in New York, in October, 1909, on the occasion of the presentation to him of a gold watch and chain by his admirers: "I congratulate you and your race upon Matthew Henson. He has driven home to the world your great adaptability and the fiber of which you are made. He has added to the moral stature of every intelligent man among you. His is the hard-earned reward of tried loyalty, persistence, and endurance. He should be an everlasting example to your young men that these qualities will win whatever object they are directed at. He deserves every attention you can show him. I regret that it is impossible for me to be present at your dinner. My compliments to your assembled guests."[vii] It would be superfluous to enlarge on Henson in this introduction. His work in the north has already spoken for itself and for him. His book will speak for itself and him. Yet two of the interesting points which present themselves in connection with his work may be noted. Henson, son of the tropics, has proven through years, his ability to stand tropical, temperate, and the fiercest stress of frigid, climate and exposure, while on the other hand, it is well known that the inhabitants of the highest north, tough and hardy as they are to the rigors of their own climate, succumb very quickly to the vagaries of even a temperate climate. The question presents itself at once: "Is it a difference in physical fiber, or in brain and will power, or is the difference in the climatic conditions themselves?" Again it is an interesting fact that in the final conquest of the "prize of the centuries," not alone individuals, but races were represented. On that bitter brilliant day in April, 1909, when the Stars and Stripes floated at the North Pole, Caucasian, Ethiopian, and Mongolian stood side by side at the apex of the[viii] earth, in the harmonious companionship resulting from hard work, exposure, danger, and a common object. <div class='right'> R. E. Peary. </div> Washington, Dec., 1911.[ix] <hr style="width: 65%;" /> <h2>TABLE OF CONTENTS</h2> <div class='center'> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Contents"> <tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='center'>page</td></tr> <tr><td align='left'>Foreword</td><td align='right'>v</td></tr> <tr><td align='left'>Introduction</td><td align='right'>xv</td></tr> <tr><td align='center' colspan='2'> CHAPTER I</td></tr> <tr><td align='left'>The Early Years: Schoolboy, Cabin-Boy, Seaman, and Lieutenant Peary's Body-Servant—First Trips to the Arctic</td><td align='right'>1</td></tr> <tr><td align='center' colspan='2'> CHAPTER II</td></tr> <tr><td align='left'>Off for the Pole—How the Other Explorers Looked—The Lamb-Like Esquimos—Arrival at Etah</td><td align='right'>15</td></tr> <tr><td align='center' colspan='2'> CHAPTER III</td></tr> <tr><td align='left'>Finding of Rudolph Franke—Whitney Landed—Trading and Coaling—Fighting the Ice-packs</td><td align='right'>26</td></tr> <tr><td align='center' colspan='2'> CHAPTER IV</td></tr> <tr><td align='left'>[x]Preparing for Winter at Cape Sheridan—The Arctic Library</td><td align='right'>35</td></tr> <tr><td align='center' colspan='2'> CHAPTER V</td></tr> <tr><td align='left'>Making Peary Sledges—Hunting in the Arctic Night—the Excitable Dogs and Their Habits</td><td align='right'>40</td></tr> <tr><td align='center' colspan='2'> CHAPTER VI</td></tr> <tr><td align='left'>The Peary Plan—a Rain of Rocks—My Friends, the Esquimos</td><td align='right'>46</td></tr> <tr><td align='center' colspan='2'> CHAPTER VII</td></tr> <tr><td align='left'>Sledging to Cape Columbia—Hot Soldering in Cold Weather</td><td align='right'>52</td></tr> <tr><td align='center' colspan='2'> CHAPTER VIII</td></tr> <tr><td align='left'>In Camp at Columbia—Literary Igloos—The Magnificent Desolation of the Arctic</td><td align='right'>62</td></tr> <tr><td align='center' colspan='2'> CHAPTER IX</td></tr> <tr><td align='left'>Ready for the Dash to the Pole—The Commander's Arrival</td><td align='right'>70</td></tr> <tr><td align='center' colspan='2'> CHAPTER X</td></tr> <tr><td align='left'>Forward! March!</td><td align='right'>75</td></tr> <tr><td align='center' colspan='2'> CHAPTER XI</td></tr> <tr><td align='left'>[xi]Fighting up the Polar Sea—Held up by the "Big Lead"</td><td align='right'>78</td></tr> <tr><td align='center' colspan='2'> CHAPTER XII</td></tr> <tr><td align='left'>Pioneering the Way—Breaking Sledges</td><td align='right'>93</td></tr> <tr><td align='center' colspan='2'> CHAPTER XIII</td></tr> <tr><td align='left'>The Supporting-Parties Begin to Turn Back</td><td align='right'>103</td></tr> <tr><td align='center' colspan='2'> CHAPTER XIV</td></tr> <tr><td align='left'>Bartlett's Farthest North—His Quiet Good-By</td><td align='right'>116</td></tr> <tr><td align='center' colspan='2'> CHAPTER XV</td></tr> <tr><td align='left'>The Pole!</td><td align='right'>127</td></tr> <tr><td align='center' colspan='2'> CHAPTER XVI</td></tr> <tr><td align='left'>The Fast Trek Back to Land</td><td align='right'>140</td></tr> <tr><td align='center' colspan='2'> CHAPTER XVII</td></tr> <tr><td align='left'>Safe on the Roosevelt—Poor Marvin</td><td align='right'>145</td></tr> <tr><td align='center' colspan='2'> CHAPTER XVIII</td></tr> <tr><td align='left'>After Musk-Oxen—The Doctor's Scientific Expedition</td><td align='right'>153</td></tr> <tr><td align='center' colspan='2'> CHAPTER XIX</td></tr> <tr><td align='left'>[xii]The Roosevelt Starts for Home—Esquimo Villages—New Dogs and New Dog Fights</td><td align='right'>161</td></tr> <tr><td align='center' colspan='2'> CHAPTER XX</td></tr> <tr><td align='left'>Two Narrow Escapes—Arrival at Etah—Harry Whitney—Dr. Cook's Claims</td><td align='right'>170</td></tr> <tr><td align='center' colspan='2'> CHAPTER XXI</td></tr> <tr><td align='left'>Etah to New York—Coming of Mail and Reporters—Home!</td><td align='right'>180</td></tr> <tr><td align='left'> Appendix I—Notes on the Esquimos</td><td align='right'>189</td></tr> <tr><td align='left'> Appendix II—List of Smith Sound Esquimos</td><td align='right'>196</td></tr> </table></div> [xiii] <hr style="width: 65%;" /> <h2>LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS</h2> <div class='center'> <table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Illustrations"> <tr><td align='left'>matthew a. henson</td><td align='left'>Frontispiece</td></tr> <tr><td align='left'>nothing</td><td align='center'>facing page</td></tr> <tr><td align='left'>robert e. peary in his north pole furs</td><td align='right'>76</td></tr> <tr><td align='left'>the four north pole <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'eskimos'">esquimos</ins></td><td align='right'>77</td></tr> <tr><td align='left'>camp morris k. jesup at the north pole</td><td align='right'>122</td></tr> <tr><td align='left'>matthew a. henson immediately after the sledge journey to the pole and back</td><td align='right'>123</td></tr> <tr><td align='left'>the "roosevelt" in winter quarters at cape sheridan</td><td align='right'>138</td></tr> <tr><td align='left'>matthew a. henson in his north pole furs, taken after his return to civilization</td><td align='right'>139</td></tr> </table></div> [xv] <hr style="width: 65%;" /> <h2>INTRODUCTION</h2> One of the first questions which Commander Peary was asked when he returned home from his long, patient, and finally successful struggle to reach the Pole was how it came about that, beside the four Esquimos, Matt Henson, a Negro, was the only man to whom was accorded the honor of accompanying him on the final dash to the goal. The question was suggested no doubt by the thought that it was but natural that the positions of greatest responsibility and honor on such an expedition would as a matter of course fall to the white men of the party rather than to a Negro. To this question, however, Commander Peary replied, in substance: "Matthew A. Henson, my Negro assistant, has been with me in one capacity or another since my second trip to Nicaragua in 1887. I have taken him on each and all of my expeditions, except the first, and also without[xvi] exception on each of my farthest sledge trips. This position I have given him primarily because of his adaptability and fitness for the work and secondly on account of his loyalty. He is a better dog driver and can handle a sledge better than any man living, except some of the best Esquimo hunters themselves." In short, Matthew Henson, next to Commander Peary, held and still holds the place of honor in the history of the expedition that finally located the position of the Pole, because he was the best man for the place. During twenty-three years of faithful service he had made himself indispensable. From the position of a servant he rose to that of companion and assistant in one of the most dangerous and difficult tasks that was ever undertaken by men. In extremity, when both the danger and the difficulty were greatest, the Commander wanted by his side the man upon whose skill and loyalty he could put the most absolute dependence and when that man turned out to be black instead of white, the Commander was not only willing to accept the service but was at the same time generous enough to acknowledge it.[xvii] There never seems to have been any doubt in Commander Peary's mind about Henson's part and place in the expedition. Matt Henson, who was born in Charles County, Maryland, August 8, 1866, began life as a cabin-boy on an ocean steamship, and before he met Commander Peary had already made a voyage to China. He was eighteen years old when he made the acquaintance of Commander Peary which gave him his chance. During the twenty-three years in which he was the companion of the explorer he not only had time and opportunity to perfect himself in his knowledge of the books, but he acquired a good practical knowledge of everything that was a necessary part of the daily life in the ice-bound wilderness of polar exploration. He was at times a blacksmith, a carpenter, and a cook. He was thoroughly acquainted with the life, customs, and language of the Esquimos. He himself built the sledges with which the journey to the Pole was successfully completed. He could not merely drive a dog-team or skin a musk-ox with the skill of a native, but he was something of a navigator as well. In this way Mr. Henson made him[xviii]self not only the most trusted but the most useful member of the expedition. I am reminded in this connection that Matthew Henson is not the first colored man who by his fidelity and devotion has made himself the trusty companion of the men who have explored and opened up the western continent. Even in the days when the Negro had little or no opportunity to show his ability as a leader, he proved himself at least a splendid follower, and there are few great adventures in which the American white man has engaged where he has not been accompanied by a colored man. Nearly all the early Spanish explorers were accompanied by Negroes. It is said that the first ship built in America was constructed by the slaves of Vasquez de Ayllon, who attempted to establish a Spanish settlement where Jamestown, Virginia, was later founded. Balboa had 30 Negroes with him, and they assisted him in constructing the first ship on the Pacific coast. Three hundred slaves were brought to this country by Cortez, the conqueror of Mexico, and it is said that the town of Santiago del Principe was founded by[xix] Negro slaves who later rebelled against their Spanish masters. Of the story of those earlier Negro explorers we have, aside from the Negro Estevan or "little Steve," who was the guide and leader in the search for the fabulous seven cities, almost nothing more than a passing reference in the accounts which have come down to us. Now, a race which has come up from slavery; which is just now for the first time learning to build for itself homes, churches, schools; which is learning for the first time to start banks, organize insurance companies, erect manufacturing plants, establish hospitals; a race which is doing all the fundamental things for the first time; which has, in short, its history before it instead of behind; such a race in such conditions needs for its own encouragement, as well as to justify the hopes of its friends, the records of the members of the race who have been a part of any great and historic achievement. For this reason, as well as for others; for the sake of my race as well as the truth of history; I am proud and glad to welcome this account of his adventure from a man who has[xx] not only honored the race of which he is a member, but has proven again that courage, fidelity, and ability are honored and rewarded under a black skin as well as under a white. <div class='right'> Booker T. Washington. </div> <div> Principal, Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute. </div> <hr style="width: 65%;" /> <h2>A NEGRO EXPLORER AT THE NORTH POLE</h2> [1] <hr style="width: 65%;" /> <div style="break-after:column;"></div>

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